Research Literature Abstracts
Abdollahi, M. Kathrine. 2002. "Understanding Police Stress Research." Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice 2 (2):1–24. doi:10.1300/j158v02n02_01.
Alghamdi, Mohammed, Nigel Hunt, and Shirley Thomas. 2015. "The Effectiveness of Narrative Exposure Therapy With Traumatised Firefighters in Saudi Arabia: A Randomized Controlled Study." Behaviour Research and Therapy 66:64–71. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.01.008.
Andrews, Leanne, Mark Shevlin, Nick Troop, and Stephen Joseph. 2004. "Multidimensionality of Intrusion and Avoidance: Alternative Factor Models of the Impact of Event Scale." Personality and Individual Differences 36 (2):431–446. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00107-7.
Ângelo, Rui, and Maria Jose Chambel. 2015. "The Reciprocal Relationship between Work Characteristics and Employee Burnout and Engagement: A Longitudinal Study of Firefighters." Stress and Health 31 (2):106–114. doi:10.1002/smi.2532.
Armstrong, Deanne, Jane Shakespeare-Finch, and Ian Shochet. 2014. "Predicting Post-Traumatic Growth and Post-Traumatic Stress in Firefighters." Australian Journal of Psychology 66 (1):38–46. doi:10.1111/ajpy.12032.
Augustin, Dyona, and Thomas J. Fagan. 2011. "Roles for Mental Health Professionals in Critical Law Enforcement Incidents: An Overview." Psychological Services 8 (3):166–177. doi:10.1037/a0024104.
Avraham, Nira, Hadass Goldblatt, and Eli Yafe. 2014. "Paramedics’ Experiences and Coping Strategies When Encountering Critical Incidents." Qualitative Health Research 24 (2):194–208. doi:10.1177/1049732313519867.
Aycock, Nancy, and Deborah Boyle. 2009. "Interventions to Manage Compassion Fatigue in Oncology Nursing." Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing 13 (2):183–191. doi:10.1188/09.cjon.183-191.
Bacharach, Samuel B., Peter A. Bamberger, and Etti Doveh. 2008. "Firefighters, Critical Incidents, and Drinking to Cope: The Adequacy of Unit-Level Performance Resources as a Source of Vulnerability and Protection." Journal of Applied Psychology 93 (1):155–169. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.155.
Baird, Stephanie, and Sharon Rae Jenkins. 2003. "Vicarious Traumatization, Secondary Traumatic Stress, and Burnout in Sexual Assault and Domestic Violence Agency Staff." Violence and Victims 18 (1):71–86. doi:10.1891/vivi.2003.18.1.71.
Baker, Sarah R., and Karen Williams. 2001. "Short Communication: Relation Between Social Problem-Solving Appraisals, Work Stress and Psychological Distress in Male Firefighters." Stress & Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress 17 (4):219–229. doi:10.1002/smi.901.
Balmer, Gemma M., Julie Ann Pooley, and Lynne Cohen. 2014. "Psychological Resilience of Western Australian Police Officers: Relationship between Resilience, Coping Style, Psychological Functioning and Demographics." Police Practice and Research 15 (4):270–282. doi:10.1080/15614263.2013.845938.
Becker, Carolyn Black, Glenn Meyer, John S. Price, Melissa M. Graham, Ashley Arsena, David A. Armstrong, and Elizabeth Ramon. 2009. "Law Enforcement Preferences for PTSD Treatment and Crisis Management Alternatives." Behaviour Research and Therapy 47 (3):245–253. doi:10.1037/e505102008-001.
Bednar, Susan G. 2003. "Elements of Satisfying Organizational Climates in Child Welfare Agencies." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 84 (1):7–12. doi:10.1606/1044-3894.70.
Bell, Holly. 2003. "Strengths and Secondary Trauma in Family Violence Work." Social Work 48 (4):513–522. doi:10.1093/sw/48.4.513.
Bennett, Paul, Yvette Williams, Nicola Page, Kerenza Hood, Malcolm Woollard, and Norman Vetter. 2005. "Associations between Organizational and Incident Factors and Emotional Distress in Emergency Ambulance Personnel." The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society 44 (Pt 2):215–226. doi:10.1348/014466505X29639.
Bercier, Melissa L., and Brandy R. Maynard. 2015. "Interventions for Secondary Traumatic Stress with Mental Health Workers: A Systematic Review." Research on Social Work Practice 25 (1):81–89. doi:10.1177/1049731513517142.
Berger, Rony, and Marc Gelkopf. 2011. "An Intervention for Reducing Secondary Traumatization and Improving Professional Self-Efficacy in Well Baby Clinic Nurses Following War and Terror: A Random Control Group Trial." International Journal of Nursing Studies 48 (5):601–610.
Bernabé, Miguel, and José Manuel Botia. 2015. "Resilience as a Mediator in Emotional Social Support’s Relationship With Occupational Psychology Health in Firefighters." Journal of Health Psychology, 1–9, 1359105314566258. doi:10.1177/1359105314566258.
Blacklock, Eddie. 2012. "Interventions Following a Critical Incident: Developing a Critical Incident Stress Management Team." Archives of Psychiatric Nursing 26 (1):2–8. doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2011.04.006.
Bonach, Kathryn, and Alex Heckert. 2012. "Predictors of Secondary Traumatic Stress among Children’s Advocacy Center Forensic Interviewers." Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 21 (3):295–314. doi:10.1080/10538712.2012.647263.
Bostock Matusko, Delphine, Richard I. Kemp, Helen M. Paterson, and Richard A. Bryant. 2013. "The Assessment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder for Workers’ Compensation in Emergency Service Personnel: Assessments for Compensation." Australian Psychologist 48 (6):420–427. doi:10.1111/ap.12009.
Bourassa, Dara Bergel. 2009. "Compassion Fatigue and the Adult Protective Services Social Worker." Journal of Gerontological Social Work 52 (3):215–229. doi:10.1080/01634370802609296.
Boyatzis, Richard E., Melvin L. Smith, and Nancy Blaize. 2006. "Developing Sustainable Leaders Through Coaching and Compassion." Academy of Management Learning & Education 5 (1):8–24. doi:10.5465/amle.2006.20388381.
Branson, Dana C., Daniel A. Weigand, and Jill E. Keller. 2014. "Vicarious Trauma and Decreased Sexual Desire: A Hidden Hazard of Helping Others." Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 6 (4):398–403. doi:10.1037/a0033113.
Bride, Brian E. 2004. "The Impact of Providing Psychosocial Services to Traumatized Populations." Stress, Trauma, and Crisis 7 (1):29–46. doi:10.1080/15434610490281101.
Bride, Brian E., Melissa Radey, and Charles R. Figley. 2007. "Measuring Compassion Fatigue." Clinical Social Work Journal 35 (3):155–163. doi:10.1007/s10615-007-0091-7.
Brodie, Pamela J., and Christie Eppler. 2012. "Exploration of Perceived Stressors, Communication, and Resilience in Law-Enforcement Couples." Journal of Family Psychotherapy 23 (1):20–41. doi:10.1080/08975353.2012.654082.
Brondolo, Elizabeth, Robin Wellington, Nisha Brady, Daniel Libby, and Thomas J. Brondolo. 2008. "Mechanism and Strategies for Preventing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Forensic Workers Responding to Mass Fatality Incidents." Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 15 (2):78–88. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2007.04.007.
Brough, Paula. 2004. "Comparing the Influence of Traumatic and Organizational Stressors on the Psychological Health of Police, Fire, and Ambulance Officers." International Journal of Stress Management 11 (3):227–244. doi:10.1037/1072-5245.11.3.227.
Brown, Jill, Gerry Mulhern, and Stephen Joseph. 2002. "Incident-Related Stressors, Locus of Control, Coping, and Psychological Distress Among Firefighters in Northern Ireland." Journal of Traumatic Stress 15 (2):161–168. doi:10.1023/A:1014816309959.
Bryant, Richard A., and Rachel M. Guthrie. 2005. "Maladaptive Appraisals as a Risk Factor for Posttraumatic Stress: A Study of Trainee Firefighters." Psychological Science 16 (10):749–752. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01608.x.
Bryant, Richard A., and Rachel M. Guthrie. 2007. "Maladaptive Self-Appraisals Before Trauma Exposure Predict Posttraumatic Stress Disorder." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 75 (5):812–815. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.75.5.812.
Burke, Karena J., and Douglas Paton. 2006. "Predicting Police Officer Job Satisfaction: Traditional versus Contemporary Models of Trauma in Occupational Experience." Traumatology 12 (3):189–197. doi:10.1177/1534765606294989.
Burke, Karena J., and Jane Shakespeare-Finch. 2011. "Markers of Resilience in New Police Officers: Appraisal of Potentially Traumatizing Events." Traumatology 17 (4):52–60. doi:10.1177/1534765611430725.
Calderón-Abbo, José, Mindy Kronenberg, Michele Many, and Howard J. Ososfsky. 2008. "Fostering Healthcare Providers’ Post-Traumatic Growth in Disaster Areas: Proposed Additional Core Competencies in Trauma-Impact Management." The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 336 (2):208–214. doi:10.1097/maj.0b013e318180f5db.
Calo, Joseph. 2011. "The Changing Role of Leadership in the Fire Service." International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 14 (4):283–287.
Canfield, Julie. 2005. "Secondary Traumatization, Burnout, and Vicarious Traumatization: A Review of the Literature as It Relates to Therapists Who Treat Trauma." Smith College Studies in Social Work 75 (2):81–101. doi:10.1300/J497v75n02_06.
Carpenter, Grace Stephanie J., Thomas P. Carpenter, Nathan A. Kimbrel, Elisa J. Flynn, Michelle L. Pennington, Claire Cammarata, Rose T. Zimering, Barbara W. Kamholz, and Suzy B. Gulliver. 2015. "Social Support, Stress, and Suicidal Ideation in Professional Firefighters." American Journal of Health Behavior 39 (2):191–196. doi:10.5993/AJHB.39.2.5.
Catanese, Shiloh A. 2010. "Traumatized by Association: The Risk of Working Sex Crimes." Fed. Probation 74 (2):36–38.
Chang, ChiaMing, LiChing Lee, Kathryn M. Connor, Jonathan R. T. Davidson, and Te-Jen Lai. 2008. "Modification Effects of Coping on Post-Traumatic Morbidity Among Earthquake Rescuers." Psychiatry Research 158 (2):164–171. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.07.015.
Chapin, Mark, Stephen J. Brannen, Mark I. Singer, and Michael Walker. 2008. "Training Police Leadership to Recognize and Address Operational Stress." Police Quarterly 11 (3):338–352. doi:10.1177/1098611107307736.
Chiu, Sydney, Mayris P. Webber, Rachel Zeig-Owens, Jackson Gustave, Roy Lee, Kerry J. Kelly, Linda Rizzotto, et al. 2011. "Performance Characteristics of the PTSD Checklist in Retired Firefighters Exposed to the World Trade Center Disaster." Annals of Clinical Psychiatry 23 (2):95–104.
Chopko, Brian A., Patrick A. Palmieri, and Richard E. Adams. 2013. "Associations Between Police Stress and Alcohol Use: Implications for Practice." Journal of Loss and Trauma 18 (5):82–497. doi:10.1080/15325024.2012.719340.
Chopko, Brian A., Patrick A. Palmieri, and Richard E. Adams. 2015. "Critical Incident History Questionnaire Replication: Frequency and Severity of Trauma Exposure Among Officers from Small and Midsize Police Agencies." Journal of Traumatic Stress 28 (2):157–161. doi:10.1002/jts.21996.
Chopko, Brian A., Patrick A. Palmieri, and Vanessa C. Facemire. 2013. "Prevalence and Predictors of Suicidal Ideation Among U.S. Law Enforcement Officers." Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology 29 (1):1–9. doi:10.1007/s11896-013-9116-z.
Chopko, Brian A., and Robert C. Schwartz. 2012. "Correlates of Career Traumatization and Symptomatology Among Active-Duty Police Officers." Criminal Justice Studies 25 (1):83–95. doi:10.1080/1478601X.2012.657905.
Cicognani, Elvira, Luca Pietrantoni, Luigi Palestini, and Gabriele Prati. 2009. "Emergency Workers’ Quality of Life: The Protective Role of Sense of Community, Efficacy Beliefs and Coping Strategies." Social Indicators Research 94 (3):449–463. doi:10.1007/s11205-009-9441-x.
Cieslak, Roman, Kotaro Shoji, Allison Douglas, Erin Melville, Aleksandra Luszczynska, and Charles C. Benight. 2014. "A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Job Burnout and Secondary Traumatic Stress Among Workers with Indirect Exposure to Trauma." Psychological Services 11 (1):75–86. doi:10.1037/a0033798.
Clemans, Shantih E. 2005. "Recognizing Vicarious Traumatization: A Single Session Group Model for Trauma Workers." Social Work With Groups 27 (2-3):55–74. doi:10.1300/J009v27n02_05.
Colvin, Heather M., and Rachel M. Taylor. 2012. Building a Resilient Workforce: Opportunities for the Department of Homeland Security: Workshop Summary. Washington D.C.: The National Academy Press. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK201572/.
Conrad, David, and Yvonne Kellar-Guenther. 2006. "Compassion Fatigue, Burnout, and Compassion Satisfaction Among Colorado Child Protection Workers." Child Abuse & Neglect 30 (10):1071–1080. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.03.009.
Craun, Sarah W., Michael L. Bourke, David M. Bierie, and Katria S. Williams. 2014. "A Longitudinal Examination of Secondary Traumatic Stress Among Law Enforcement." Victims & Offenders 9 (3):299–316. doi:10.1080/15564886.2013.848828.
Craun, Sarah W., Michael L. Bourke, and Frances N. Coulson. 2015. "The Impact of Internet Crimes Against Children Work on Relationships With Families and Friends: An Exploratory Study." Journal of Family Violence 30 (3):393–402. doi:10.1007/s10896-015-9680-3.
Creamer, Mark C., Tracey Varker, Jonathan Bisson, Kathy Darte, Neil Greenberg, Winnie Lau, Gill Moreton. 2012. "Guidelines for Peer Support in High-Risk Organizations: An International Consensus Study Using the Delphi Method." Journal of Traumatic Stress 25 (2):134–141. doi:10.1002/jts.21685/full.
D’Andrea, Livia M., Paul C. Abney, Richard Swinney, and James R. Ganyon. 2004. "Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) in Rural Communities." Traumatology 10 (3):179–187. doi:10.1177/153476560401000304.
Davidson, Ann C., and Simon A. Moss. 2008. "Examining the Trauma Disclosure of Police Officers to Their Partners and Officers’ Subsequent Adjustment." Journal of Language and Social Psychology 27 (1):51–70.
Del Ben, Kevin S., Joseph R. Scotti, Yi-Chuen Chen, and Beverly L. Fortson. 2006. "Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Firefighters." Work & Stress 20 (1):37–48. doi:10.1080/02678370600679512.
Devilly, Grant J., Richard Gist, and Peter Cotton. 2006. "Ready! Fire! Aim! The Status of Psychological Debriefing and Therapeutic Interventions: In the Work Place and After Disasters." Review of General Psychology 10 (4):318–345. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.10.4.318.
Donnelly, Elizabeth A., and Michael Bennett. 2014. "Development of a Critical Incident Stress Inventory for the Emergency Medical Services." Traumatology 20 (1):1–8. doi:10.1177/1534765613496646.
Douglas, Emily M. 2013. "Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Among Child Welfare Workers Who Experience a Maltreatment Fatality on Their Caseload." Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work 10 (4):373–387. doi:10.1080/15433714.2012.664058.
Dowdall-Thomae, Cynthia, John Gilkey, Wanda Larson, and Rebecca Arend-Hicks. 2011. "Elite Firefighter/First Responder Mindsets and Outcome Coping Efficacy." International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 14 (4):269–281.
Dursun, Onur Burak, Mustafa Talip Sener, Ibrahim Selcuk Esin, Yüksel Ançi, and Şermin Yalin Sapmaz. 2014. "Does Working With Child Abuse Cases Affect Professionals' Parenting and the Psychological Well-Being of Their Children?" Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 15 (5):557–571. doi:10.1080/15299732.2014.912713.
Ehrenreich, John H., and Teri L. Elliott. 2004. "Managing Stress in Humanitarian Aid Workers: A Survey of Humanitarian Aid Agencies’ Psychosocial Training and Support of Staff." Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 10 (1):53–66. doi:10.1207/s15327949pac1001_4.
Engstrom, David, Pilar Hernandez, and David Gangsei. 2008. "Vicarious Resilience: A Qualitative Investigation Into Its Description." Traumatology 14 (3):13–21. doi:10.1177/1534765608319323.
Everly, George S., Stephen H. Boyle, and Jeffrey M. Lating. 1999. "The Effectiveness of Psychological Debriefing with Vicarious Trauma: A Meta-Analysis." Stress and Health 15 (4):229–233. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1700(199910)15:4%3C229::aid-smi818%3E3.0.co;2-m.
Fay, Joel, M. Kamena, A. Benner, and A. Buscho. 2006. "A Residential Milieu Treatment Approach for First-Responder Trauma." Traumatology 12 (3):255–262. doi:10.1177/1534765606294991.
Freedman, Tovia G. 2004. "Voices of 9/11 First Responders: Patterns of Collective Resilience." Clinical Social Work Journal 32 (4):377–393. doi:10.1007/s10615-004-0538-z.
Friedman, Thomas. 2006. "Trauma Among Emergency Responders and Terrorism Investigators: Suggestions for Conducting Needed Research." Journal of Emergency Management 4 (3):41–46.
Gallagher, Sharon, and Sinéd Mcgilloway. 2007. "Living in Critical Times: The Impact of Critical Incidents on Frontline Ambulance Personnel—A Qualitative Perspective." International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 9 (3):215–223.
Gentry, J. Eric, Jennifer Baggerly, and Anna Baranowsky. 2003. "Training-As-Treatment: Effectiveness of the Certified Compassion Fatigue Specialist Training." International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 6 (3):147–155.
Gershon, Robyn, Susan Lin, and Xianbin Li. 2002. "Work Stress in Aging Police Officers." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 44 (2):160–167.
Gersons, Berthold, Ingrid Carlier, Regina Lamberts, and Bessel van der Kolk. 2000. "Randomized Clinical Trial of Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy for Police Officers With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder." Journal of Traumatic Stress 13 (2):333–347. doi:10.1023/a:1007793803627.
Gibbs, Judy A. 2001. "Maintaining Front-Line Workers in Child Protection: A Case for Refocusing Supervision." Child Abuse Review 10 (5):323–335. doi:10.1002/car.707.
Gist, Richard, and Vickie Harris Taylor. 2008. "Occupational and Organizational Issues in Emergency Medical Services Behavioral Health." Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health 23 (3):309–330. doi:10.1080/15555240802243120.
Habersaat, Stephanie A., Ashley M. Geiger, Sid Abdellaoui, and Jutta M. Wolf. 2015. "Health in Police Officers: Role of Risk Factor Clusters and Police Divisions." Social Science & Medicine 143:213–222. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.08.043.
Halpern, Janice, Maria Gurevich, Brian Schwartz, and Paulette Brazeau. 2009. "Interventions for Critical Incident Stress in Emergency Medical Services: A Qualitative Study." Stress and Health 25 (2):139–149. doi:10.1002/smi.1230.
Halpern, Janice, Robert G. Maunder, Brian Schwartz, and Maria Gurevich. 2012. "Identifying, Describing, and Expressing Emotions After Critical Incidents in Paramedics." Journal of Traumatic Stress 25 (1):111–114. doi:10.1002/jts.21662.
Harris, Morag B., Mustafa Baloğlu, and James R. Stacks. 2002. "Mental Health of Trauma-Exposed Firefighters and Critical Incident Stress Debriefing." Journal of Loss & Trauma 7 (3):223–238. doi:10.1080/10811440290057639.
Harrison, Richard L., and Marvin J. Westwood. 2009. "Preventing Vicarious Traumatization of Mental Health Therapists: Identifying Protective Practices." Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 46 (2):203–219. doi:10.1037/a0016081.
Harvey, Samuel B., Josie S. Milligan-Saville, Helen M. Paterson, Emily L. Harkness, Annabel M. Marsh, Mark Dobson, Richard Kemp, and Richard A. Bryant. 2015. "The Mental Health of Fire-Fighters: An Examination of the Impact of Repeated Trauma Exposure." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 50 (7):649–658. doi:10.1177/0004867415615217.
Haslam, Cheryl, and Krissie Mallon. 2003. "A Preliminary Investigation of Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms Among Firefighters." Work & Stress 17 (3):277–285. doi:10.1080/02678370310001625649.
Haugen, Peter T., Mark Evces, and Daniel S. Weiss. 2012. "Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in First Responders: A Systematic Review." Clinical Psychology Review 32 (5):370–380. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.04.001.
Hawker, Debbie M., John Durkin, and David S. J. Hawker. 2011. "To Debrief or Not to Debrief Our Heroes: That Is the Question." Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 18 (6):453–463. doi:10.1002/cpp.730.
Hernández, Pilar, David Gangsei, and David Engstrom. 2007. "Vicarious Resilience: A New Concept in Work with Those Who Survive Trauma." Family Process 46 (2):229–241. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2007.00206.x.
Hernandez-Wolfe, Pilar, Kyle Killian, David Engstrom, and David Gangsei. 2015. "Vicarious Resilience, Vicarious Trauma, and Awareness of Equity in Trauma Work." Journal of Humanistic Psychology 55 (2):153–172. doi:10.1177/0022167814534322.
Hesketh, Ian, Cary L. Cooper, and Jonathan Ivy. 2015. "Well-Being, Austerity and Policing: Is It Worth Investing in Resilience Training?" The Police Journal 88 (3):220–230.
Howard, Amanda R. Hiles, Sheri Parris, Jordan S. Hall, Casey D. Call, Erin Becker Razuri, Karyn B. Purvis, and David R. Cross. 2015. "An Examination of the Relationships Between Professional Quality of Life, Adverse Childhood Experiences, Resilience, and Work Environment in a Sample of Human Service Providers." Children and Youth Services Review 57:141–148. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.08.003.
Howlett, Samantha L., and Anthony Collins. 2014. "Vicarious Traumatisation: Risk and Resilience Among Crisis Support Volunteers in a Community Organisation." South African Journal of Psychology 44 (2):180–190. doi:10.1177/0081246314524387.
Huddleston, Lynne M., Douglas Paton, and Christine Stephens. 2006. "Conceptualizing Traumatic Stress in Police Officers: Preemployment, Critical Incident, and Organizational Influences." Traumatology 12 (3):170–177. doi:10.1177/1534765606294911.
Hyland, Philip, Mark Shevlin, Gary Adamson, and Daniel Boduszek. 2014. "The Organization of Irrational Beliefs in Posttraumatic Stress Symptomology: Testing the Predictions of REBT Theory Using Structural Equation Modelling: Irrational Beliefs in Posttraumatic Stress Symptomology." Journal of Clinical Psychology 70 (1):48–59. doi:10.1002/jclp.22009.
Jahnke, Sara A., Richard Gist, Walker S. Carlos Poston, and Christopher K. Haddock. 2014. "Behavioral Health Interventions in the Fire Service: Stories From the Firehouse." Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health 29 (2):113–126. doi:10.1080/15555240.2014.898568.
Jankoski, Jo Ann. 2010. "Is Vicarious Trauma the Culprit? A Study of Child Welfare Professionals." Child Welfare 89 (6):105–120.
Jarero, Ignacio, Carolina Amaya, Martha Givaudan, and Alaide Miranda. 2013. "EMDR Individual Protocol for Paraprofessional Use: A Randomized Controlled Trial with First Responders." Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 7 (2):55–64. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.7.2.55.
Jeannette, James. 2009. "Creating a Critical Incident Stress Program: A Firefighter’s Transition from Client to Counselor." International Journal of Emergency Mental Health & Human Resilience 11 (4):215–219.
Jenkins, Sharon, and Stephanie Baird. 2002. "Secondary Traumatic Stress and Vicarious Trauma: A Validational Study." Journal of Traumatic Stress 15 (5):423–432. doi:10.1023/a:1020193526843.
Johnson, Scott A. 2009. "Impact of Pornography on Forensic Mental Health and Law Enforcement Professionals: Effective Coping Strategies." International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 11 (2):93–96.
Kehl, Doris, Daniela Knuth, Lynn Hulse, and Silke Schmidt. 2014. "Posttraumatic Reactions among Firefighters after Critical Incidents: Cross-National Data." Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 23 (8):842–853. doi:10.1080/10926771.2014.938143.
Kimbrel, Nathan A., Elisa J. Flynn, Grace Stephanie J. Carpenter, Claire M. Cammarata, Frank Leto, William J. Ostiguy, Barbara W. Kamholz, Rose T. Zimering, and Suzy B. Gulliver. 2015. "Internal Consistency, Test-Retest Reliability, and Predictive Validity for a Likert-Based Version of the Sources of Occupational Stress-14 (SOOS-14) Scale." Psychiatry Research 228 (3):961–962. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.031.
Kimbrel, Nathan A., Laurie E. Steffen, Eric C. Meyer, Marc I. Kruse, Jeffrey A. Knight, Rose T. Zimering, and Suzy B. Gulliver. 2011. "A Revised Measure of Occupational Stress for Firefighters: Psychometric Properties and Relationship to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Depression, and Substance Abuse." Psychological Services 8(4): 294–306. doi:10.1037/a0025845.
Kirby, Robyn, Jane Shakespeare-Finch, and Gavan Palk. 2011. "Adaptive and Maladaptive Coping Strategies Predict Posttrauma Outcomes in Ambulance Personnel." Traumatology 17 (4):25–34. doi:10.1177/1534765610395623.
Kitchiner, Neil J. 2004. "Psychological Treatment of Three Urban Fire Fighters with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Using Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprocessing (EMDR) Therapy." Complementary Therapies in Nursing and Midwifery 10 (3):186–193. doi:10.1016/j.ctnm.2004.01.004.
Kleim, Birgit, and Maren Westphal. 2011. "Mental Health in First Responders: A Review and Recommendation for Prevention and Intervention Strategies." Traumatology 17 (4):17–24. doi:10.1177/1534765611429079.
Komarovskaya, Irina, Adam D. Brown, Isaac R. Galatzer-Levy, Anita Madan, Clare Henn-Haase, Julie Teater, Brandi H. Clarke, Charles R. Marmar, and Claude M. Chemtob. 2014. "Early Physical Victimization Is a Risk Factor for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Among Mississippi Police and Firefighter First Responders to Hurricane Katrina." Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 6 (1):92–96. doi:10.1037/a0031600.
Kulkarni, Shanti, Holly Bell, Jennifer L. Hartman, and Robert L. Herman-Smith. 2013. "Exploring Individual and Organizational Factors Contributing to Compassion Satisfaction, Secondary Traumatic Stress, and Burnout in Domestic Violence Service Providers." Journal of the Society for Social Work & Research 4 (2):114–130. doi:10.1037/e621642012-201.
Lambert, Jessica, Charles Benight, Erica Harrison, and Roman Cieslak. 2012. "The Firefighter Coping Self-Efficacy Scale: Measure Development and Validation." Anxiety, Stress & Coping 25 (1):79–91. doi:10.1080/10615806.2011.567328.
LeBlanc, Vicki R., Cheryl Regehr, R. Blake Jelley, and Irene Barath. 2008. "The Relationship between Coping Styles, Performance, and Responses to Stressful Scenarios in Police Recruits." International Journal of Stress Management 15 (1):76–93. doi:10.1037/1072-5245.15.1.76.
Lee, Jong-Sun, Yeon-Soon Ahn, Kyoung-Sook Jeong, Jeong-Ho Chae, and Kyeong-Sook Choi. 2014. "Resilience Buffers the Impact of Traumatic Events on the Development of PTSD Symptoms in Firefighters." Journal of Affective Disorders 162:128–133. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.02.031.
Levenson, Richard L. 2007. "Prevention of Traumatic Stress in Law Enforcement Personnel: A Cursory Look at the Roles of Peer Support and Critical Incident Stress Management." Forensic Examiner 16 (3):16–19.
Lewis, Virginia, Tracey Varker, Andrea Phelps, Eve Gavel, and David Forbes. 2014. "Organizational Implementation of Psychological First Aid (PFA): Training for Managers and Peers." Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 6 (6):619–623. doi:10.1037/a0032556.
Lilly, Michelle M., and Heather Pierce. 2013. "PTSD and Depressive Symptoms in 911 Telecommunicators: The Role of Peritraumatic Distress and World Assumptions in Predicting Risk." Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 5 (2):135–141. doi:10.1037/a0026850.
Løvseth, Lise Tevik, and Olaf G. Aasland. 2010. "Confidentiality as a Barrier to Social Support: A Cross-Sectional Study of Norwegian Emergency and Human Service Workers." International Journal of Stress Management 17 (3):214–231. doi:10.1037/a0018904.
Macnab, Andrew, Charles Sun, and John Lowe. 2003. "Randomized, Controlled Trial of Three Levels of Critical Incident Stress Intervention." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18 (04):367–371.
Maltzman, Sara. 2011. "An Organizational Self-Care Model: Practical Suggestions for Development and Implementation." The Counseling Psychologist 39 (2):303–319. doi:10.1177/0011000010381790.
Marchand, André, Céline Nadeau, Dominic Beaulieu-Prévost, Richard Boyer, and Mélissa Martin. 2015. "Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Police Officers: A Prospective Study." Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 7 (3):212–221. doi:10.1037/a0038780.supp.
Martin, Mélissa, André Marchand, Richard Boyer, and Normand Martin. 2009. "Predictors of the Development of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Police Officers." Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 10 (4):451–468. doi:10.1080/15299730903143626.
Martinussen, Monica, Astrid M. Richardsen, and Ronald J. Burke. 2007. "Job Demands, Job Resources, and Burnout Among Police Officers." Journal of Criminal Justice 35 (3):239–249. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2007.03.001.
McCreary, Donald R., and Megan M. Thompson. 2006. "Development of Two Reliable and Valid Measures of Stressors in Policing: The Operational and Organizational Police Stress Questionnaires." International Journal of Stress Management 13 (4):494–518. doi:10.1037/1072-5245.13.4.494.
McFadden, Paula, Anne Campbell, and Brian Taylor. 2014. "Resilience and Burnout in Child Protection Social Work: Individual and Organisational Themes from a Systematic Literature Review." British Journal of Social Work 45 (5):1546–1563. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bct210.
McFarlane, Alexander C., Penny Williamson, and Christopher A. Barton. 2009. "The Impact of Traumatic Stressors in Civilian Occupational Settings." Journal of Public Health Policy 30 (3):311–327. doi:10.1057/jphp.2009.21.
Ménard, Kim S., and Michael L. Arter. 2013. "Police Officer Alcohol Use and Trauma Symptoms: Associations With Critical Incidents, Coping, and Social Stressors." International Journal of Stress Management 20 (1):37–56. doi:10.1037/a0031434.
Meyer, Eric C., Rose Zimering, Erin Daly, Jeffrey Knight, Barbara W. Kamholz, and Suzy Bird Gulliver. 2012. "Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Other Psychological Symptoms in Trauma-Exposed Firefighters." Psychological Services 9 (1):1–15. doi:10.1037/a0026414.
Middleton, Jennifer Sean, and Cathryn C. Potter. 2015. "Relationship between Vicarious Traumatization and Turnover among Child Welfare Professionals." Journal of Public Child Welfare 9 (2):195–216. doi:10.1080/15548732.2015.1021987.
Miller, Laurence. 1995. "Tough Guys: Psychotherapeutic Strategies With Law Enforcement and Emergency Services Personnel." Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 32 (4):592–600. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.32.4.592.
Mishra, Shalini, Deborah Goebert, Elizabeth Char, Patricia Dukes, and Iqbal Ahmed. 2010. "Trauma Exposure and Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Emergency Medical Services Personnel in Hawaii." Emergency Medicine Journal 27 (9) 708–711. doi:10.1136/emj.2009.080622.
Mitani, Satoko. 2008. "Comparative Analysis of the Japanese Version of the Revised Impact of Event Scale: A Study of Firefighters." Prehospital Disaster Medicine 23 (S1):20–26.
Mitani, Satoko, Masatoshi Fujita, Keiji Nakata, and Taro Shirakawa. 2006. "Impact of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Job-Related Stress on Burnout: A Study of Fire Service Workers." The Journal of Emergency Medicine 31 (1):7–11. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2005.08.008.
Mumford, Elizabeth A., Bruce G. Taylor, and Bruce Kubu. 2015. "Law Enforcement Officer Safety and Wellness." Police Quarterly 18 (2):111–133. doi:10.1177/1098611114559037.
Newman, Garth F., Clint Maggott, and Debbie G. Alexander. 2015. "Group Drumming as a Burnout Prevention Initiative Among Staff Members at a Child and Adolescent Mental Health Care Facility." South African Journal of Psychology 45 (4):439–451. doi:10.1177/0081246315581346.
O’Hara, Andrew F., and John M. Violanti. 2009. "Police Suicide-A Web Surveillance of National Data." International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 11 (1):17–23.
Olivet, Jeffrey, Sarah McGraw, Megan Grandin, and Ellen Bassuk. 2010. "Staffing Challenges and Strategies for Organizations Serving Individuals Who Have Experienced Chronic Homelessness." The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research 37 (2):226–238. doi:10.1007/s11414-009-9201-3.
Page, Kyle S., and Sue C. Jacobs. 2011. "Surviving the Shift: Rural Police Stress and Counseling Services." Psychological Services 8 (1):12–22. doi:10.1037/a0021796.
Papazoglou, Konstantinos. 2013. "Conceptualizing Police Complex Spiral Trauma and Its Applications in the Police Field." Traumatology 19 (3):196–210. doi:10.1177/1534765612466151.
Paton, Douglas. 2005. "Posttraumatic Growth in Protective Services Professionals: Individual, Cognitive and Organizational Influences." Traumatology 11 (4):335–346. doi:10.1177/153476560501100411.
Paton, Douglas, and John M. Violanti. 2008. "Law Enforcement Response to Terrorism: The Role of the Resilient Police Organization." International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 10 (2):125–135.
Peres, Julio F. P., Bernd Foerster, Leandro G. Santana, Mauricio Domingues Fereira, Antonia G. Nasello, Mariângela Savoia, Alexander Moreira-Almeida, and Henrique Lederman. 2011. "Police Officers Under Attack: Resilience Implications of an fMRI Study." Journal of Psychiatric Research 45 (6):727–734. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.11.004.
Perez, Lisa M., Jeremy Jones, David R. Englert, and Daniel Sachau. 2010. "Secondary Traumatic Stress and Burnout Among Law Enforcement Investigators Exposed to Disturbing Media Images." Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology 25 (2):113–124. doi:10.1007/s11896-010-9066-7.
Phipps, Andrew B., and Mitchell K. Byrne. 2003. "Brief Interventions for Secondary Trauma: Review and Recommendations." Stress and Health 19 (3):139–147. doi:10.1002/smi.970.
Pinto, Ricardo J., Sandra P. Henriques, Inês Jongenelen, Cláudia Carvalho, and Ângela C. Maia. 2015. "The Strongest Correlates of PTSD for Firefighters: Number, Recency, Frequency, or Perceived Threat of Traumatic Events?" Journal of Traumatic Stress 28 (5):434–440. doi:10.1002/jts.22035.
Plat, Marie-Christine, Monique Frings-Dresen, and Judith Sluiter. 2011. "A Systematic Review of Job-Specific Workers’ Health Surveillance Activities for Fire-Fighting, Ambulance, Police and Military Personnel." International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 84 (8):839–857. doi:10.1007/s00420-011-0614-y.
Powell, Martine, Peter Cassematis, Mairi Benson, Stephen Smallbone, and Richard Wortley. 2014. "Police Officers’ Strategies for Coping with the Stress of Investigating Internet Child Exploitation." Traumatology 20 (1):32–42. doi:10.1037/h0099378.
Pross, Christian, and Sonja Schweitzer. 2010. "The Culture of Organizations Dealing with Trauma: Sources of Work-Related Stress and Conflict." Traumatology 16 (4):97–108. doi:10.1177/1534765610388301.
Raunick, Cara Berg, Deborah F. Lindell, Diana Lynn Morris, and Theresa Backman. 2015. "Vicarious Trauma Among Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners." Journal of Forensic Nursing 11 (3):123–128. doi:10.1097/JFN.0000000000000085.
Regehr, Cheryl, David Hemsworth, and John Hill. 2001. "Individual Predictors of Posttraumatic Distress: A Structural Equation Model." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 46(2): 156–161.
Regehr, Cheryl. 2005. "Bringing the Trauma Home: Spouses of Paramedics." Journal of Loss and Trauma 10 (2):97–114. doi:10.1080/15325020590908812.
Regehr, Cheryl, Shirley Chau, Bruce Leslie, and Phillip Howe. 2002. "Inquiries into Deaths of Children in Care: The Impact on Child Welfare Workers and Their Organization." Children and Youth Services Review 24 (12):885–902. doi:10.1016/S0190-7409(02)00250-5.
Regehr, Cheryl, Gina Dimitropoulos, Elaine Bright, Sharon George, and Joscelyn Henderson. 2005. "Behind the Brotherhood: Rewards and Challenges for Wives of Firefighters." Family Relations 54 (3):423–435. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2005.00328.x.
Regehr, Cheryl, Gerald Goldberg, and Judy Hughes. 2002. "Exposure to Human Tragedy, Empathy, and Trauma in Ambulance Paramedics." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 72 (4):505–513. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.72.4.505.
Regehr, Cheryl, David Hemsworth, Bruce Leslie, Phillip Howe, and Shirley Chau. 2004. "Predictors of Post-Traumatic Distress in Child Welfare Workers: A Linear Structural Equation Model." Children and Youth Services Review 26 (4):331–346. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2004.02.003.
Regehr, Cheryl, and John Hill. 2001. "Evaluating the Efficacy of Crisis Debriefing Groups." Social Work With Groups 23 (3):69–79. doi:10.1300/J009v23n03_06.
Regehr, Cheryl, John Hill, and Graham D Glancy. 2000. "Individual Predictors of Traumatic Reactions in Firefighters." The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 188 (6):333–339. doi:10.1097/00005053-200006000-00003.
Regehr, Cheryl, John Hill, Theresa Knott, and Bill Sault. 2003. "Social Support, Self-Efficacy and Trauma in New Recruits and Experienced Firefighters." Stress and Health 19 (4):189–193. doi:10.1002/smi.974.
Regehr, Cheryl, Vicki R. LeBlanc, Irene Barath, Janet Balch, and Arija Birze. 2013. "Predictors of Physiological Stress and Psychological Distress in Police Communicators." Police Practice and Research 14 (6):451–463. doi:10.1080/15614263.2012.736718.
Regehr, Cheryl, Vicki LeBlanc, Aron Shlonsky, and Marion Bogo. 2010. "The Influence of Clinicians’ Previous Trauma Exposure on Their Assessment of Child Abuse Risk." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 198 (9):614–618. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181ef349e.
Regehr, Cheryl, and Danielle Millar. 2007. "Situation Critical: High Demand, Low Control, and Low Support in Paramedic Organizations." Traumatology 13 (1):49–58. doi:10.1177/1534765607299912.
Richardsen, Astrid M., Ronald J. Burke, and Monica Martinussen. 2006. "Work and Health Outcomes Among Police Officers: The Mediating Role of Police Cynicism and Engagement." International Journal of Stress Management 13 (4):555–574. doi:10.1037/1072-5245.13.4.555.
Royle, Liz, Paul Keenan, and Derek Farrell. 2008. "Issues of Stigma for First Responders Accessing Support for Post Traumatic Stress." International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 11 (2):79–85.
Rybojad, Beata, Anna Aftyka, Michalina Baran, and Patryk Rzońca. 2016. "Risk Factors for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Polish Paramedics: A Pilot Study." The Journal of Emergency Medicine 50 (2):270–276. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.06.030.
Salloum, Alison, David C. Kondrat, Carly Johnco, and Kayla R. Olson. 2015. "The Role of Self-Care on Compassion Satisfaction, Burnout and Secondary Trauma Among Child Welfare Workers." Children and Youth Services Review 49:54–61. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.12.023.
Salyers, Michelle P., Candice Hudson, Gary Morse, Angela L. Rollins, Maria Monroe-DeVita, Cynthia Wilson, and Leah Freeland. 2011. "BREATHE: A Pilot Study of a One-Day Retreat to Reduce Burnout among Mental Health Professionals." Psychiatric Services 62 (2):214–217. doi:10.1016/j.ypsy.2011.07.092.
Sansbury, Brittany S., Kelly Graves, and Wendy Scott. 2014. "Managing Traumatic Stress Responses Among Clinicians: Individual and Organizational Tools for Self-Care." Trauma 17 (2):114–122. doi:10.1177/1460408614551978.
Sattler, David N., Bill Boyd, and Julie Kirsch. 2014. "Trauma-Exposed Firefighters: Relationships among Posttraumatic Growth, Posttraumatic Stress, Resource Availability, Coping and Critical Incident Stress Debriefing Experience." Stress & Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress 30 (5):356–365. doi:10.1002/smi.2608.
Schauben, Laura J., and Patricia A. Frazier. 1995. "Vicarious Trauma: The Effects on Female Counselors of Working With Sexual Violence Survivors." Psychology of Women Quarterly 19 (1):49–64. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1995.tb00278.x.
Schorr, John K., and Angela S. Boudreaux. 2005. "Responding to Terrorism in the USA." Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 10 (1-2):577–589. doi:10.1300/J146v10n01_15.
Scully, Paul J. 2011. "Taking Care of Staff: A Comprehensive Model of Support for Paramedics and Emergency Medical Dispatchers." Traumatology 17 (4):35–42. doi:10.1177/1534765611430129.
Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Amanda Rees, and Deanne Armstrong. 2014. "Social Support, Self-Efficacy, Trauma and Well-Being in Emergency Medical Dispatchers." Social Indicators Research 123 (2):549–565. doi:10.1007/s11205-014-0749-9.
Shochet, Ian M., Jane Shakespeare-Finch, Cameron Craig, Colette Roos, Astrid Wurfl, Rebecca Hoge, Ross McD.Young, and Paula Brough. 2011. "The Development and Implementation of the Promoting Resilient Officers (PRO) Program." Traumatology 17 (4):43–51. doi:10.1177/1534765611429080.
Slattery, Suzanne M., and Lisa A. Goodman. 2009. "Secondary Traumatic Stress Among Domestic Violence Advocates: Workplace Risk and Protective Factors." Violence Against Women 15 (11):1358–1379. doi:10.1177/1077801209347469.
Sliter, Michael, Aron Kale, and Zhenyu Yuan. 2014. "Is Humor the Best Medicine? The Buffering Effect of Coping Humor on Traumatic Stressors in Firefighters." Journal of Organizational Behavior 35 (2):257–272. doi:10.1002/job.1868/full.
Smith, Bruce W., J. Alexis Ortiz, Laurie E. Steffen, Erin M. Tooley, Kathryn T. Wiggins, Elizabeth A. Yeater, John D. Montoya, and Michael L. Bernard. 2011. "Mindfulness Is Associated with Fewer PTSD Symptoms, Depressive Symptoms, Physical Symptoms, and Alcohol Problems in Urban Firefighters." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 79 (5):613–617. doi:10.1037/a0025189.
Solomon, Zahava, Roni Berger, and Karni Ginzburg. 2007. "Resilience of Israeli Body Handlers: Implications of Repressive Coping Style." Traumatology 13 (4):64–75. doi:10.1177/1534765607312687.
Sprang, Ginny, James J. Clark, and Adrienne Whitt-Woosley. 2007. "Compassion Fatigue, Compassion Satisfaction, and Burnout: Factors Impacting a Professional’s Quality of Life." Journal of Loss and Trauma 12 (3):259–280. doi:10.1080/15325020701238093.
Strolin-Goltzman, Jessica, Catherine Lawrence, Charles Auerbach, Jim Caringi, Nancy Claiborne, Hal Lawson, Mary McCarthy, Brenda McGowan, Rosemary Sherman, and Miseung Shim. 2009. "Design Teams: A Promising Organizational Intervention for Improving Turnover Rates in the Child Welfare Workforce." Child Welfare 88 (5):149–168.
Stuart, Heather. 2008. "Suicidality Among Police." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 21 (5):505–509. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e328305e4c1.
Thieleman, Kara, and Joanne Cacciatore. 2014. "Witness to Suffering: Mindfulness and Compassion Fatigue Among Traumatic Bereavement Volunteers and Professionals." Social Work 59 (1):34–41. doi:10.1093/sw/swt044.
Townsend, Stephanie M., and Rebecca Campbell. 2009. "Organizational Correlates of Secondary Traumatic Stress and Burnout Among Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners." Journal of Forensic Nursing 5 (2):97–106. doi:10.1111/j.1939-3938.2009.01040.x.
Travis, Dnika J., Rebecca J. Gomez, and Michàlle E. Mor Barak. 2011. "Speaking up and Stepping Back: Examining the Link Between Employee Voice and Job Neglect." Children and Youth Services Review 33 (10):1831–1841. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.05.008.
Travis, Dnika J., and Michàlle E. Mor Barak. 2010. "Fight or Flight? Factors Influencing Child Welfare Workers’ Propensity to Seek Positive Change or Disengage From Their Jobs." Journal of Social Service Research 36 (3):188–205. doi:10.1080/01488371003697905.
Tyler, Tracey Ann. 2012. "The Limbic Model of Systemic Trauma." Journal of Social Work Practice 26 (1):125–138. doi:10.1080/02650533.2011.602474.
Van der Velden, Peter G., Berdi Christiaanse, Rolf J. Kleber, Frans G. H. Marcelissen, Sasja A. M. Dorresteijn, Annelieke N. Drogendijk, Albert Jan-Roskam. 2006. "The Effects of Disaster Exposure and Post-Disaster Critical Incidents on Intrusions, Avoidance Reactions and Health Problems among Firefighters: A Comparative Study." Stress, Trauma, and Crisis 9 (2):73–93. doi:10.1080/15434610600683742.
Van Hasselt, Vincent B., Donald C. Sheehan, Abigail S. Malcolm, Alfred H. Sellers, Monty T. Baker, and Judy Couwels. 2008. "The Law Enforcement Officer Stress Survey (LEOSS) Evaluation of Psychometric Properties." Behavior Modification 32 (1):133–151. doi:10.1177/0145445507308571.
Varker, Tracey, and Grant J. Devilly. 2012. "An Analogue Trial of Inoculation/Resilience Training for Emergency Services Personnel: Proof of Concept." Journal of Anxiety Disorders 26 (6):696–701. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.01.009.
Varvel, Shiloh Jordan, Yuhong He, Jennifer K. Shannon, David Tager, Rashanta A. Bledman, Adipat Chaichanasakul, Monique M. Mendoza, and Brent Mallinckrodt. 2007. "Multidimensional, Threshold Effects of Social Support in Firefighters: Is More Support Invariably Better?" Journal of Counseling Psychology 54 (4):458–465. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.54.4.458.
Wagaman, M. Alex, Jennifer M. Geiger, Clara Shockley, and Elizabeth A. Segal. 2015. "The Role of Empathy in Burnout, Compassion Satisfaction, and Secondary Traumatic Stress Among Social Workers." Social Work 60 (3):201–209. doi:10.1093/sw/swv014.
Wagner, Shannon L. 2005. "Emergency Response Service Personnel and the Critical Incident Stress Debriefing Debate." International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 7 (1):33–41.
Wagner, Shannon L., and Crystal A. Martin. 2012. "Can Firefighters’ Mental Health Be Predicted by Emotional Intelligence and Proactive Coping?" Journal of Loss and Trauma 17 (1):56–72. doi:10.1080/15325024.2011.584027.
Wagner, Shannon L., and Melanie O’Neill. 2012. "Mental Health Implications of Volunteer Fire Service Membership." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 21 (3):310–319. doi:10.1108/09653561211234499.
Waters, Judith A., and Ussery, William. 2007. "Police Stress: History, Contributing Factors, Symptoms, and Interventions." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 30 (2):169–188. doi:10.1108/13639510710753199.
Wee, David F., Dawn M. Mills, and Gus Koehler. 1999. "The Effects of Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) On Emergency Medical Services Personnel Following the Los Angeles Civil Disturbance." International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 1 (1):33–37.
Williams, Amy M., Heather M. Helm, and Elysia V. Clemens. 2012. "The Effect of Childhood Trauma, Personal Wellness, Supervisory Working Alliance, and Organizational Factors on Vicarious Traumatization." Journal of Mental Health Counseling 34 (2):133–153. doi:10.17744/mehc.34.2.j3l62k872325h583.
Wilson, Sandra A., Robert H. Tinker, Lee A. Becker, and Carol R. Logan. 2001. "Stress Management with Law Enforcement Personnel: A Controlled Outcome Study of EMDR versus a Traditional Stress Management Program." International Journal of Stress Management 8 (3):179–200. doi:10.1023/A:1011366408693.
Wright, Rebecca, Martine B. Powell, and Damien Ridge. 2006. "Child Abuse Investigation: An Indepth Analysis of How Police Officers Perceive and Cope With Daily Work Challenges." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 29 (3):498–512. doi:10.1108/13639510610684728.
Zach, Sima, Shula Raviv, and Reuven Inbar. 2007. "The Benefits of a Graduated Training Program for Security Officers on Physical Performance in Stressful Situations." International Journal of Stress Management 14 (4):350–369. doi:10.1037/1072-5245.14.4.350.
Research Literature Full Text
Adams, Kaye, Jane Shakespeare-Finch, and Deanne Armstrong. 2015. "An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Stress and Well-Being in Emergency Medical Dispatchers." Journal of Loss and Trauma 20 (5):430–448. doi:10.1080/15325024.2014.949141.
Adams, Richard E., Joseph A. Boscarino, and Charles R. Figley. 2006. "Compassion Fatigue and Psychological Distress among Social Workers: A Validation Study." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 76 (1):103–108. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.1.103.
Andersen, Judith P., Konstantinos Papazoglou, Mari Koskelainen, Markku Nyman, Harri Gustafsberg, and Bengt B. Arnetz. 2015. "Applying Resilience Promotion Training Among Special Forces Police Officers." Traumatology 2 (3):182–190. doi:10.1177/2158244015590446.
Andrew, Michael E., Erin C. McCanlies, Cecil M. Burchfiel, Luenda E. Charles, Tara A. Hartley, Desta Fekedulegn, and John M. Violanti. 2008. "Hardiness and Psychological Distress in a Cohort of Police Officers." International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 10 (2):137–148.
Anshel, Mark H., Dana Umscheid, and Thomas M. Brinthaupt. 2013. "Effect of a Combined Coping Skills and Wellness Program on Perceived Stress and Physical Energy Among Police Emergency Dispatchers: An Exploratory Study." Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology 28 (1):1–14. doi:10.1007/s11896-012-9110-x.
Arnetz, Bengt B., Eamonn Arble, Lena Backman, Adam Lynch, and Ake Lublin. 2013. "Assessment of a Prevention Program for Work-Related Stress among Urban Police Officers." International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 86 (1):79–88. doi:10.1007/s00420-012-0748-6.
Ballenger, James F., Suzanne R. Best, Thomas J. Metzler, David A. Wasserman, David C. Mohr, Akiva Liberman, Kevin Delucchi, et al. 2011. "Patterns and Predictors of Alcohol Use in Male and Female Urban Police Officers." The American Journal on Addictions 20 (1):21–29. doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2010.00092.x.
Barboza, Katherine. 2005. "Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD): Efficacy in Question." The New School Psychology Bulletin 3 (2):49–70. doi:10.1037/e741582011-004.
Bell, Holly, Shanti Kulkarni, and Lisa Dalton. 2003. "Organizational Prevention of Vicarious Trauma." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 84 (4):463–470. doi:10.1606/1044-3894.131.
Benedek, David M., Carol Fullerton, and Robert J. Ursano. 2007. "First Responders: Mental Health Consequences of Natural and Human-Made Disasters for Public Health and Public Safety Workers." Annual Review of Public Health 28 (1):55–68. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144037.
Ben-Ezra, Menachem, Yuval Palgi, Nir Essar, Hilik Sofer, and Yeela Haber. 2008. "Acute Stress Symptoms, Dissociation, and Depression among Rescue Personnel 24 Hours after the Bet-Yehoshua Train Crash: The Effects of Exposure to Dead Bodies." Prehospital Disaster Medicine 23 (5):461–465. doi:10.1017/s1049023x00007275.
Bercier, Melissa. 2013. "Interventions That Help the Helpers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Interventions Targeting Compassion Fatigue, Secondary Traumatic Stress and Vicarious Traumatization in Mental Health Workers." Dissertation, Loyola University, Chicago.
Berger, William, Evandro Coutinho, Ivan Figueira, Carla Marques-Portella, Mariana Pires Luz, Thomas C. Neylan, Charles R. Marmar, and Mauro Vitor Mendlowicz. 2011. "Rescuers at Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis of the Worldwide Current Prevalence and Correlates of PTSD in Rescue Workers." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 47 (6):1001–1011. doi:10.1007/s00127-011-0408-2.
Bertram, Chris, Mark Landahl, and Michael C. Williams. 2011. "Family vs. Duty: Personal and Family Preparedness for Law Enforcement Organizational Resilience." Sheriff 63 (1):34–36.
Bober, Ted, and Cheryl Regehr. 2006. "Strategies for Reducing Secondary or Vicarious Trauma: Do They Work?" Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention 6 (1):1–9. doi:10.1093/brief-treatment/mhj001.
Bond, Jonathan, Khachatur Sarkisian, Luenda E. Charles, Tara A. Hartley, Michael E. Andrew, John M. Violanti, and Cecil M. Burchfiel. 2013. "Association of Traumatic Police Event Exposure with Sleep Quality and Quantity in the BCOPS Study Cohort." International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 15 (4):255–265.
Boscarino, Joseph A., Richard E. Adams, and Charles R. Figley. 2010. "Secondary Trauma Issues for Psychiatrists." The Psychiatric Times 27 (11):24–26.
Burke, Karena, and Douglas Paton. 2006. "Well-Being in Protective Services Personnel: Organisational Influences." Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies (2):1–15.
Can, S. Hakan, Helen M. Hendy, and Turgay Karagoz. 2015. "LEOSS-R: Four Types of Police Stressors and Negative Psychosocial Outcomes Associated with Them." Policing 9 (4):340–351. doi:10.1093/police/pav011.
Chamberlin, Michael J. A., and Heather J. Green. 2010. "Stress and Coping Strategies Among Firefighters and Recruits." Journal of Loss and Trauma 15 (6):548–560. doi:10.1080/15325024.2010.519275.
Chiu, Sydney, Justin K. Niles, Mayris P. Webber, Rachel Zeig-Owens, Jackson Gustave, Roy Lee, Linda Rizzotto, Kerry J. Kelly, Hillel W. Cohen, and David J. Prezant. 2011. "Evaluating Risk Factors and Possible Mediation Effects in Posttraumatic Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comorbidity." Public Health Reports 126 (2):201–209. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.01.105.
Cieslak, Roman, Kotaro Shoji, Aleksandra Luszczynska, Sandra Taylor, Anna Rogala, and Charles C. Benight. 2013. "Secondary Trauma Self-Efficacy: Concept and Its Measurement." Psychological Assessment 25 (3):917–928. doi:10.1037/a0032687.
Coles, Jan, Jill Astbury, Elizabeth Dartnall, and Shazneen Limjerwala. 2014. "A Qualitative Exploration of Researcher Trauma and Researchers' Responses to Investigating Sexual Violence." Violence Against Women 20 (1):95–117. doi:10.1177/1077801213520578.
Corrigan, Malachy, Rita McWilliams, Kerry J. Kelly, Justin Niles, Claire Cammarata, Kristina Jones, Daniel Wartenberg, et al. 2009. "A Computerized, Self-Administered Questionnaire to Evaluate Posttraumatic Stress Among Firefighters After the World Trade Center Collapse." American Journal of Public Health 99 (S3):S702–S709. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.151605.
Curling, Penelope, and Kathleen B. Simmons. 2010. "Stress and Staff Support Strategies for International Aid Work." Intervention 8 (2):93–105.
Dirkzwager, Anja J. E., C. Joris Yzermans, and Frans J. M. Kessels. 2004. "Psychological, Musculoskeletal, and Respiratory Problems and Sickness Absence before and after Involvement in a Disaster: A Longitudinal Study among Rescue Workers." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 61 (10):870–872. doi:10.1136/oem.2003.012021.
Donnelly, Elizabeth. 2012. "Work-Related Stress and Posttraumatic Stress in Emergency Medical Services." Prehospital Emergency Care 16 (1):76–85. doi:10.3109/10903127.2011.621044.
Dowling, Frank G., Bill Genet, and Gene Moynihan. 2005. "A Confidential Peer-Based Assistance Program for Police Officers." Psychiatric Services 56 (7):870–871. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.56.7.870.
Dowling, Frank G., Gene Moynihan, Bill Genet, and Jonathan Lewis. 2006. "A Peer-Based Assistance Program for Officers With the New York City Police Department: Report of the Effects of Sept. 11, 2001." American Journal of Psychiatry 163 (1):151–153. doi:10.1016/s0084-3970(08)70380-3.
Dudek, Bohdan, and Jerzy Koniarek. 2000. "Relationship Between Sense of Coherence and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Among Firefighters." International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health 13 (4):299–305.
Dudek, Bohdan, and Wiesław Szymczak. 2011. "The Role of Cognitive Schemata in the Development of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Results of Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Studies." International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health 24 (1):29–35. doi:10.2478/s13382-011-0010-6.
Fjeldheim, Celine B., Jani Nöthling, Karin Pretorius, Marina Basson, Keith Ganasen, Robin Heneke, Karen J. Cloete, and Soraya Seedat. 2014. "Trauma Exposure, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and the Effect of Explanatory Variables in Paramedic Trainees." BMC Emergency Medicine 14 (1):1–7. doi:10.1186/1471-227x-14-11.
Fyhn, Tonje, Kristin Konglevoll Fjell, and Bjørn Helge Johnsen. 2015. "Resilience Factors Among Police Investigators: Hardiness-Commitment a Unique Contributor." Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, October, 1–9. doi:10.1007/s11896-015-9181-6.
Galatzer-Levy, Isaac R., Adam D. Brown, Clare Henn-Haase, Thomas J. Metzler, Thomas C. Neylan, and Charles R. Marmar. 2013. "Positive and Negative Emotion Prospectively Predict Trajectories of Resilience and Distress among High-Exposure Police Officers." Emotion 13 (3):545–553. doi:10.1037/a0031314.
Gayton, Scott D., and Geoff P. Lovell. 2012. "Resilience in Ambulance Service Paramedics and Its Relationships With Well-Being and General Health." Traumatology 18 (1):58–64. doi:10.1177/1534765610396727.
Gist, Richard, and Grant J. Devilly. 2002. "Post-Trauma Debriefing: The Road Too Frequently Travelled." The Lancet 360 (9335):741–742. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)09947-6.
Gurevich, Maria, Janice Halpern, Paulette Brazeau, Piera S. Defina, and Brian Schwartz. 2009. "Frontline Stress behind the Scenes: Emergency Medical Dispatchers." Tema Conter Memorial Trust.
Hall, David M. B. 2005. "Is Protecting Children Bad for Your Health?" Archives of Disease in Childhood 90 (11):1105–1106. doi:10.1136/adc.2005.072256.
Hartley, Tara A., Cecil M. Burchfiel, Desta Fekedulegn, Michael E. Andrew, and John M. Violanti. 2011. "Health Disparities in Police Officers: Comparisons to the US General Populations." International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 13 (4):211–220.
Hartley, Tara A., John M. Violanti, Desta Fekedulegn, M. E. Andrew, and C. M. Burchfiel. 2007. "Associations between Major Life Events, Traumatic Incidents, and Depression Among Buffalo Police Officers." International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 9 (1):25–35.
Heinrichs, Markus, Dieter Wagner, Walter Schoch, Leila M. Soravia, Dirk H. Hellhammer, and Ulrike Ehlert. 2005. "Predicting Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms from Pretraumatic Risk Factors: A 2-Year Prospective Follow-up Study in Firefighters." American Journal of Psychiatry 162 (12):2276–2286. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.12.2276.
Hogan, Nicola, Shane Costello, Malcolm Boyle, and Brett Williams. 2015. "Measuring Workplace Trauma Response in Australian Paramedics: An Investigation Into the Psychometric Properties of the Impact of Event Scale." Psychology Research and Behavior Management 8:287–294. doi:10.2147/prbm.s96647.
Hokanson, Melvin, and Bonnita Wirth. 2000. "The Critical Incident Stress Debriefing Process for the Los Angeles County Fire Department: Automatic and Effective." International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 2 (4):249–257.
Holland, Mark. 2011. "The Dangers of Detrimental Coping in Emergency Medical Services." Prehospital Emergency Care 15 (3):331–337. doi:10.3109/10903127.2011.561406.
Homish, Gregory G., Bonita S. Frazer, and Mary G. Carey. 2012. "The Influence of Indirect Collective Trauma on First Responders' Alcohol Use." International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 14 (1):21–28.
Huizink, Anja C., Pauline Slottje, Anke B. Witteveen, Joost A. Bijlsma, Jos WR Twisk, Nynke Smidt, Inge Bramsen, et al. 2006. "Long Term Health Complaints Following the Amsterdam Air Disaster in Police Officers and Fire-Fighters." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 63 (10):657–662. doi:10.1136/oem.2005.024687.
Jeannette, James M., and Alan Scoboria. 2008. "Firefighter Preferences Regarding Post-Incident Intervention." Work & Stress 22 (4):314–326. doi:10.1080/02678370802564231.
Keenan, Paul, and Liz Royle. 2007. "Vicarious Trauma and First Responders: A Case Study Utilizing Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) as the Primary Treatment Modality." International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 9 (4):291–298.
Kuiper, Nicholas A. 2012. "Humor and Resiliency: Towards a Process Model of Coping and Growth." Europe's Journal of Psychology 8 (3):475–491. doi:10.5964/ejop.v8i3.464.
Lansing, Karen, Daniel G. Amen, Chris Hanks, and Lisa Rudy. 2005. "High-Resolution Brain SPECT Imaging and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in Police Officers with PTSD." The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 17 (4):526–532. doi:10.1176/jnp.17.4.526.
Levy-Gigi, Einat, and Gal Richter-Levin. 2014. "The Hidden Price of Repeated Traumatic Exposure." Stress 17 (4):343–351. doi:10.3109/10253890.2014.923397.
Leykin, Dmitry, Mooli Lahad, and Nira Bonneh. 2012. "Posttraumatic Symptoms and Posttraumatic Growth of Israeli Firefighters, at One Month Following the Carmel Fire Disaster." Psychiatry Journal 2013:1–5. doi:10.1155/2013/274121.
Lilly, Michelle M., Nnamdi Pole, Suzanne R. Best, Thomas Metzler, and Charles R. Marmar. 2009. "Gender and PTSD: What Can We Learn from Female Police Officers?" Journal of Anxiety Disorders 23 (6):767–774. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.02.015.
Malcolm, Abigail S., Jessica Seaton, Aimee Perera, Donald C. Sheehan, and Vincent B. Van Hasselt. 2005. "Critical Incident Stress Debriefing and Law Enforcement: An Evaluative Review." Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention 5 (3):261–278. doi:10.1093/brief-treatment/mhi019.
McCanlies, Erin C., Anna Mnatsakanova, Michael E. Andrew, Cecil M. Burchfiel, and John M. Violanti. 2014. "Positive Psychological Factors Are Associated with Lower PTSD Symptoms among Police Officers: Post Hurricane Katrina." Stress and Health 30 (5):405–415. doi:10.1002/smi.2615.
Meffert, Susan M., Clare Henn-Haase, Thomas J. Metzler, Meng Qian, Suzanne Best, Ayelet Hirschfeld, Shannon McCaslin, Sabra Inslicht, Thomas C. Neylan, and Charles R. Marmar. 2014. "Prospective Study of Police Officer Spouse/partners: A New Pathway to Secondary Trauma and Relationship Violence?" PLoS ONE 9 (7):73–80. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100663.
Meredith, Lisa S., David P. Eisenman, Terri Tanielian, Stephanie L. Taylor, Ricardo Basurto-Davila, James Zazzali, Dickson Diamond, Barbara Cienfuegos, and Sandra Shields. 2011. "Prioritizing 'Psychological' Consequences for Disaster Preparedness and Response: A Framework for Addressing the Emotional, Behavioral, and Cognitive Effects of Patient Surge in Large-Scale Disasters." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 5 (01):73–80. doi:10.1001/dmp.2010.47.
Miller, Laurence. 2000. "Law Enforcement Traumatic Stress: Clinical Syndromes and Intervention Strategies." Trauma Response 6 (1):15–20.
Miller, Laurence. 2007. "Line-of-Duty Death: Psychological Treatment of Traumatic Bereavement in Law Enforcement." International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 9 (1):13–23.
Miller, Laurence. 2007. "Officer-Involved Shooting: Reaction Patterns, Response Protocols, and Psychological Intervention Strategies." International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 8 (4):239–254.
Morren, Mattijn, C. Joris Yzermans, Ruth M. A. van Nispen, and Stephan J. M. Wevers. 2005. "The Health of Volunteer Firefighters Three Years after a Technological Disaster." Journal of Occupational Health 47 (6):523–532. doi:10.1539/joh.47.523.
Ogińska-Bulik, Nina, and Magdalena Kobylarczyk. 2015. "Relation Between Resiliency and Post-Traumatic Growth in a Group of Paramedics – The Mediating Role of Coping Strategies." International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health 28 (4):707–719. doi:10.13075/ijomeh.1896.00323.
Oniszczenko, Włodzimierz. 2014. "Temperamental Correlates of Trauma Symptoms in Firemen, Policemen and Soldiers." International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health 27 (4):599–607. doi:10.2478/s13382-014-0287-3.
Park, Crystal L. 2010. "Making Sense of the Meaning Literature: An Integrative Review of Meaning Making and Its Effects on Adjustment to Stressful Life Events." Psychological Bulletin 136 (2):257–301. doi:10.1037/a0018301.
Pfefferbaum, Betty, Carol S. North, Kenneth Bunch, Teddy G. Wilson, Phebe Tucker, and John K. Schorr. 2002. "The Impact of the 1995 Oklahoma City Bombing on the Partners of Firefighters." Journal of Urban Health 79 (3):364–372. doi:10.1093/jurban/79.3.364.
Pole, Nnamdi, Madhur Kulkarni, Adam Bernstein, and Gary Kaufmann. 2006. "Resilience in Retired Police Officers." Traumatology 12 (3):207–216. doi:10.1177/1534765606294993.
Regehr, Cheryl. 2001. "Crisis Debriefing Groups for Emergency Responders: Reviewing the Evidence." Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention 1 (2):87–100. doi:10.1093/brief-treatment/1.2.87.
Rothmann, Sebastiaan. 2003. "Burnout and Engagement: A South African Perspective." SA Journal of Industrial Psychology 29 (4):16–25. doi:10.4102/sajip.v29i4.121.
Russ, Erica, Bob Lonne, and Yvonne Darlington. 2009. "Using Resilience to Reconceptualise Child Protection Workforce Capacity." Australian Social Work 62 (3):324–338. doi:10.1080/03124070903060042.
Shakespeare-Finch, Jane E., S. G. Smith, Kathryn M. Gow, Gary Embelton, and Leith Baird. 2003. "The Prevalence of Post-Traumatic Growth in Emergency Ambulance Personnel." Traumatology 9 (1):58–70. doi:10.1177/153476560300900104.
Shakespeare, Jill, and Ginette Lafrenière. 2012. "Contexts of Best Practices for Addressing Vicarious Trauma in VAW Work."
Skogstad, Laila, Anja M. Fjetland, and Øivind Ekeberg. 2015. "Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among First Responders Working in Proximity to the Terror Sites in Norway on July 22, 2011—A Cross-Sectional Study." Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 23 (1):1–9. doi:10.1186/s13049-015-0104-4.
Steinkopf, Bryan L., Kori A. Hakala, and Vincent B. Van Hasselt. 2015. "Motivational Interviewing: Improving the Delivery of Psychological Services to Law Enforcement." Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 46 (5):348–355. doi:10.1037/pro0000042.
Sterud, Tom, Øivind Ekeberg, and Erlend Hem. 2006. "Health Status in the Ambulance Services: A Systematic Review." BMC Health Services Research 6 (1):82–92. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-6-82.
Tokayer, Naama. 2001. "A Brief Note on Research Support for the Risking Connection® Approach." Baltimore, MD: Sidran Institute Press. doi:10.1037/e551352013-001.
Tovar, Lynn A. 2011. "Vicarious Traumatization and Spirituality in Law Enforcement." FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 80 (7):16–21.
Trippany, Robyn L., Victoria E. White Kress, and S. Allen Wilcoxon. 2004. "Preventing Vicarious Trauma: What Counselors Should Know When Working With Trauma Survivors." Journal of Counseling and Development: JCD 82 (1):31–37. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2004.tb00283.x.
Urdang, Esther. 2010. "Awareness of Self-A Critical Tool." Social Work Education, 29 (5):523-538.
Ussery, William J., and Judith A. Waters. 2006. "COP-2-COP Hotlines: Programs to Address the Needs of First Responders and Their Families." Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention 6 (1):66–78. doi:10.1093/brief-treatment/mhj004.
Violanti, John M. 2004. "Predictors of Police Suicide Ideation." Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 34 (3):277–283. doi:10.1521/suli.34.3.277.42775.
Violanti, John M., Michael E. Andrew, Cecil M. Burchfiel, Joan Dorn, Tara Hartley, and Diane B. Miller. 2006. "Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease in Police Officers." International Journal of Stress Management 13 (4):541–554. doi:10.1037/1072-5245.13.4.541.
Violanti, John M., Douglas Paton, Peter Johnston, Karena J. Burke, Joanna Clarke, and Denise Keenan. 2008. "Stress Shield: A Model of Police Resiliency." Emergency Mental Health 10 (2):95–108.
Vivian, Pat, and Shana Hormann. 2002. "Trauma and Healing in Organizations." OD Practitioner 34 (4):37-41.
Vivian, Pat, and Shana Hormann. 2015. "Persistent Traumatization in Nonprofit Organizations." OD Practitioner 47 (1):25–30.
Wang, Zhen, Sabra S. Inslicht, Thomas J. Metzler, Clare Henn-Haase, Shannon E. McCaslin, Huiqi Tong, Thomas C. Neylan, and Charles R. Marmar. 2010. "A Prospective Study of Predictors of Depression Symptoms in Police." Psychiatry Research 175 (3):211–216. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.11.010.
Weiss, Daniel S., Alain Brunet, Suzanne Best, Thomas Metzler, Akiva Liberman, Nnamdi Pole, Jeffrey Fagan, and Charles Marmar. 2010. "Frequency and Severity Approaches to Indexing Exposure to Trauma: The Critical Incident History Questionnaire for Police Officers." Journal of Traumatic Stress 23 (6):734–743. doi:10.1002/jts.20576.
Weltman, Gershon, Jonathan Lamon, Elan Freedy, and Donald Chartrand. 2014. "Police Department Personnel Stress Resilience Training: An Institutional Case Study." Global Advances in Health and Medicine 3 (2):72–79. doi:10.7453/gahmj.2014.015.
West, Christine, Bruce Bernard, Charles Mueller, Margaret Kitt, Richard Driscoll, and Sangwoo Tak. 2008. "Mental Health Outcomes in Police Personnel After Hurricane Katrina:" Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 50 (6):689–695. doi:10.1097/JOM.0b013e3181638685.